Very gradual recovery as the lockdowns begin to be lifted. In recent months, it has become apparent that the COVID-19 outbreak will have a very significant impact on economic activity. Moreover, all the indicators suggest that the macroeconomic figures for the second quarter as a whole will be far worse than in Q1, and somewhat worse than initially predicted. For instance, in April the Composite Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) for the global economy plunged to 26.5 points, its lowest value since the series began to be published. In May, the slowdown in infections brought about a gradual lifting of the lockdowns in major advanced economies, which naturally led to an incipient improvement in the economic indicators, although they remain low and reveal weak economic activity. Insofar as the epidemic remains under control and evolves positively, the lifting of the lockdown and social distancing measures will bring about a recovery in the economic indicators over the coming months. Nevertheless, the normalisation of the economy will be subject to the COVID-19 epidemic being contained and to medical progress curbing its spread. These are two conditions without which global economic activity is unlikely to fully return to normal.

Europe gives new impetus to its economic policies. Faced with the unprecedented impact of the pandemic on the economy, economic policy is generally responding rapidly and with ambitious measures. That said, there are significant differences between regions and countries, with advanced countries, given their greater capacity to take on debt, deploying a more decisive battery of measures than emerging countries. There is also significant disparity among advanced countries, which is largely explained by differences in their capacity to implement a fiscal stimulus (greater margin in the US and in the economies of the core of the euro area than in Europe’s periphery). However, in May, European institutions took an important step forward in implementing a common European response to the economic impact of the COVID-19 epidemic. In particular, a few days after France and Germany expressed their support for a possible 500 billion euro package to be distributed among EU countries in the form of non-reimbursable transfers (thereby not increasing states’ public debt ratios), the European Commission proposed a Recovery Plan that would include a fund of some 750 billion euros (5.4% of EU GDP), most of which (approximately 500 billion euros) would be disbursed in the form of transfers, with the rest taking the form of loans. In addition, the funds would be obtained through the issuance of truly European debt by the European Commission, which would be supported by an increase in the capital ceiling of the EU budget (from 1.2% of GDP to 2.0%), which would also include the creation of new taxes at the European level. The funds would be evenly distributed over a four-year period (between 2021 and 2024) and the allocation between countries would take into account the severity of the impact of the coronavirus. Although there are still no official figures on the potential distribution by country, we estimate that Spain could benefit from an annual sum of between 1.5% and 2.0% of its GDP (see further details in the Brief Note of 29 May 2020 entitled «Propuesta de Plan de Recuperación»). This proposal, however, will have to be approved at the European Council (in June or July) and then ratified by the European Parliament and by all Member States.

The US and China revive geopolitical tensions. While on the trade front a new tariff hike seems unlikely – given that, in early May, the two countries were quick to declare that the established agreements were being complied with – the rhetoric between the two economies has once again toughened (in recent months, the US president has repeatedly blamed China for the spread of COVID-19) and new fronts of tension have opened. In particular, the US has pointed out that it could exclude Chinese companies from American stock exchanges. In addition, following the adoption of the Hong Kong Security Law by the Chinese government, the US secretary of state, Mike Pompeo, announced that Hong Kong could no longer be regarded as an autonomous territory of China (which would result in the loss of certain trade and financial benefits enjoyed by the region).

ADVANCED ECONOMIES

Unprecedented declines in economic activity are expected in the major advanced economies in Q2. Following GDP figures for Q1 2020 that have already begun to capture the impact of the pandemic (the US economy contracted by 1.2% quarter-on-quarter, Japan by 0.9%, the UK by 2.0%, Germany by 2.2%, and France, Spain and Italy by around 5.0%), the intensification of restrictions on mobility during April and their extension throughout much of May in most European countries and in the US will lead to unprecedented contractions (in many cases, on a scale unseen since World War II) in the economic activity of these countries in Q2 (see the Focus «The COVID-19 dilemma: mobility and economy» in this same Monthly Report for an analysis of the impact of the lockdown measures on GDP in Q2). For instance, in the US the New York Fed’s high-frequency economic activity index points towards declines in GDP of more than 10% (in year-on-year terms).

The indicators suggest that the bulk of the weakness was concentrated in April, while in May incipient signs of recovery appeared thanks to the gradual lifting of the lockdown. The information available in real time is scarce and the more conventional indicators available as of the close of this report (such as industrial production, retail sales and the unemployment rate) still relate to March. Nonetheless, high-frequency indicators such as electricity consumption, card payments and indices related to the mobility of people (based on mobile phone geolocation data) suggest, on the one hand, that production remained markedly weak in April and, on the other, that a gradual restoration of economic activity in the major advanced economies began in May. The recovery is, however, very gradual.

COVID-19 weakens inflation, especially due to the fall in energy prices (caused, in turn, by the collapse in global demand) and those of the services hardest hit by the lockdown measures (notably leisure and tourism). Thus, in April, US inflation stood at 0.3%, 1.2 pps below the figure for March, while inflation in the euro area stood at 0.1% in May, –0,2 pps compared to April and –0.6 pps compared to March.

EMERGING ECONOMIES

Gradual and patchy recovery in China. The economic activity indicators for April and May show a disparate recovery by sector in the Chinese economy. Whilst the manufacturing and construction sectors have already recovered their normal levels of production, activity in the services sector is still affected by the maintenance of various social distancing measures and by weaknesses in household consumption, which is making it recover at a slower pace (see the analysis in the Focus «Gradual recovery in China: cautious optimism with some restrictions» in this same Monthly Report). In this context, the Chinese cabinet decided, for the first time, not to set a GDP growth target for 2020. However, the government did announce an increase in the public deficit target for this year, up to at least 3.6% of GDP (higher than the 2.8% in 2019). Although this increase may seem modest, it should be borne in mind that the government is also implementing a significant increase in the spending and investment of public enterprises and local entities that do not fall within the scope of the government’s budget (this spending could amount to around 3% of GDP). With this package of measures, the fiscal stimulus will help to facilitate the recovery of the Chinese economy in the second half of 2020.

In other major emerging countries, the impact of the pandemic in Q1 was uneven. In India, Turkey and Russia, the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak was yet to leave a significant mark on the economic figures in the first quarter of the year, while in Brazil the impact was much more apparent. Specifically, India’s economy grew by 3.1% year-on-year in Q1, versus 4.1% year-on-year in Q4 2019. In Turkey, year-on-year growth stood at 4.5%, lower than the 6.0% registered at the end of 2019 but still buoyant. In Russia, meanwhile, GDP rose by 1.6% year-on-year in Q1 (2.1% in the previous quarter). In contrast, Brazil’s GDP fell by 0.3% year-on-year, dented by the lockdown measures decreed in the various states from 13 March (in Q4 2019, the economy had grown by 1.7%). We expect, however, the declines in economic activity for Q2 to be much more significant in all these economies.