The resident population in Spain grew by just over 1 million people in the biennial 2022-2023, reaching 48.45 million people in October 2023 according to the National Statistics Institute’s Continuous Population Survey. This increase is explained by very significant immigration flows (+939,000 foreign nationals), since the Spanish population is practically stagnant (+86,000).

The population that has arrived in Spain is of an age, educational profile and origin that has facilitated their rapid incorporation into the labour market.⁷ Thus, the number of foreign people in employment increased by 574,000 between Q4 2021 and Q4 2023, representing 54% of the total increase in the number of employed persons in this period.⁸ These workers come predominantly from Latin America (53%), although the flows from European countries are also significant (20% from the European Union and 15% from the rest of Europe). With regard to the level of education of the immigrant population, it is worth noting that it is higher than people tend to imagine: 62% of the increase in the foreign population in 2022-2023 had secondary education and 23% had higher education. Only 15% had a low level of education (primary education or less), a similar percentage to that of the Spanish population aged 16 years and over.⁹

Not surprisingly, it is the country’s two major metropolitan areas that have been the epicentre of this population growth. The Community of Madrid, with an influx of 226,000 people, or 22.1% of the total, tops the ranking of recipient regions, both in terms of foreign population (+163,500) and Spanish nationals (+62,700). It is followed by the province of Barcelona, with 16.9% of the total population increase. The flows of foreigners in Barcelona (+163,000) are practically identical to those in the Community of Madrid, but the increase in the population of Spanish nationals is lower (+10,500).

Next in the ranking of population increase, we find provinces in which tourism plays an important role: Valencia (+94,000), Alicante (+86,000), Malaga (+52,000) and the Balearic Islands (+40,000).¹⁰ In percentage terms, Alicante is the province that has experienced the biggest population increase in the biennium 2022-2023 (4.5%), followed by Guadalajara (4.0%) and Castellón (3.9%). In fact, Alicante is the province with the highest foreign population relative to the total (23% of the total population in October 2023, compared to a national average of 13.2%) and it is also the province in which the sale of homes to foreign buyers is most prominent (43.8% of total sales in Q3 2023, compared to 15.4% for Spain as a whole).

The increase in population has been very uneven from region to region and this has profound implications for the real estate market. Home prices in Spain have grown more vigorously in the provinces where the population has increased the most, as shown in the chart below. This relationship is not surprising, since demand is the main factor that determines homes prices in a market where supply is rigid in the short term.¹¹ In any case, the strong positive correlation between these two variables confirms that demographic dynamics are a key factor determining home prices in the current real estate cycle¹² (see «Spain’s real estate market ends 2023 in better shape than expected» in this same report for a more detailed analysis of the various factors that are determining the evolution of the real estate market).

The chart above also highlights that the rate of growth in home prices is very uneven across the various regional real estate markets. The vast majority of provinces show positive changes in home prices between Q3 2021 and Q3 2023, and only four registered declines: Huesca, Soria, Salamanca and Cáceres. On the other hand, the most touristic provinces are the ones that recorded the highest growth rates in home prices: Balearic Islands (17.0%), Malaga (15.9%) and Santa Cruz de Tenerife (11.7%).

If we carry out a similar analysis by municipality, grouping them according to their population growth between 2021 and 2023 and observing the pattern of home prices in that period,¹³ we find that Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Alicante and L’Hospitalet de Llobregat are the top 5 municipalities that recorded the biggest population increases in absolute terms. There, the population grew by 2.7% on average, while home prices rose by an annual average of 6.4% between Q3 2021 and Q3 2023, as can be seen in the chart on the following page.

The second group of municipalities by population growth comprises 11 areas where the population increased by between 5,000 and 10,000 people. Among them are capitals of major provinces (Malaga, Murcia and Palma de Mallorca), urban centres located within Madrid’s area of influence (Rivas-Vaciamadrid, Boadilla del Monte) and coastal cities (Roquetas de Mar, Marbella, El Ejido, Torrevieja, Benalmádena and Estepona), with an average population in 2023 of around 200,000 people. In these places, the population increased sharply in percentage terms (5.8% on average) and they are also where home prices rose the most: by 7.3% per year on average in 2022-2023.

In a third, considerably more numerous group (47 in total), we find the municipalities that experienced a population increase of between 2,000 and 5,000 people. In these places, which are still sizeable with an average population of 129,000 people, home prices climbed 5.5% on average. Finally, we find the majority of municipalities, which experienced either limited population growth (183 municipalities) or population decline (60 municipalities). The average growth in home prices in these municipalities has been more modest (4.6% and 3.4%, respectively).

The recent migration boom has only intensified the wide dispersion that was already found in home prices across Spain’s municipalities, a pattern that has been observed since 2014.¹⁴ Home prices have increased more in municipalities with higher home prices, which only widens the price gap between the most buoyant municipalities, in terms of activity and population, and the most deprived areas which continue to suffer depopulation.